The Day of Doom by Michael Wigglesworth free essay sample

â€Å"The Day of Doom† by Michael Wigglesworth The Day of Doom isn't only any normal sonnet. Michael Wigglesworth, the artist, composed this sonnet so that the peruser at long last ought to pose themselves this inquiry, what must I do to be spared? The expressions of every verse are made in statute with sacred texts of the Bible. â€Å"The Puritans accepted that the Bible was God’s genuine law, and that it gave an arrangement to living† (Kizer). Wigglesworth’s extreme objective recorded as a hard copy this sonnet as a Puritan serve was to push the implications of wrongdoing yet additionally to commend the compensation of salvation. Expressions of hellfire fire and brimstone spilled out of the mouths of articulate priests as they cautioned of the enticement of the devil’s power† (Kizer). Puritans saw sin as wretched in the visual perception of God. â€Å"The Bible depicts sin as the breaking, or offense, of God’s law† Wigglesworth portrays in verse 2 how agreeable people became with transgression in their life. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Day of Doom by Michael Wigglesworth or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page â€Å"Wallowing in all sort of wrongdoing,/awful villains lay secure:/The best of men had hardly at that point/their lights kept in great ure. /Virgins impulsive, who through camouflage/among the best were number’d,/Had shut their eyes: yea, and the astute/through sloth and fragility slumber’d† (9-16).The tone of this specific refrain is an enticement in light of three specific words that are utilized. Feebleness, sloth, abhorrent all depict moral auras which Wigglesworth deliberately positioned toward the start of this sonnet to catch portend of something sudden to come. Sloth specifically is an indication of an unforeseen result in light of the fact that as indicated by â€Å"Christian moral custom, it is one of the seven dangerous sins† (Spain). Wigglesworth is disclosing to us that wrongdoing is clear however the spirit must be prepared consistently on the grounds that no man knows the hour or the day when God would return to Judge his kin. He delineates this disclosure in verse 4 which states â€Å"They set aside the malicious day,/and suffocated their considerations and fears,/Til suffocated were they, and cleared away/by retaliation unprepared:/So finally, while men rest quick/In their security,/Surprised they are in such a catch/as cometh out of nowhere (25-32). Puritan adherents are educated to carry on with an exacting way of life and to hold fast to the expression of God. This is the reason the consequences of wicked conduct are rebuffed by God. Wigglesworth portrayed the ominous side of wrongdoing, yet he additionally remembered for his sonnet the compensation of supporting from it.Sustaining from transgression was far harder than it appeared to be yet â€Å"the recover would rule with Christ eternally† (Baym, and Levine 239). The Day of Doom addresses the hearts and psyches of all adherents who yielded their â€Å"earthly† ways of life so as to pick up something more cheerful than what couldnâ₠¬â„¢t potentially be gotten here on earth. The Puritans trusted â€Å"God was at the front line of their psyches, He was to inspire the entirety of their actions† (Kizer). This is the reason Wigglesworth voice about salvation in his sonnet talked boisterous concerning the valuable prize of salvation.He not just needed his perusers to picture what it resembles to enter the Kingdom of Heaven yet to understand that it is much better than entering the Kingdom of Hell. In refrain 221 he use words, for example, wonderful, awesome and brilliant to convince us that Heaven is unquestionably where you need to wind up in the wake of climbing from earth. â€Å"O magnificent spot! Where eye to eye/Jehovah might be seen,/By, for example, were delinquents whilere/and no dull cloak between. /Where the sun sparkle, and light perfect,/of God’s brilliant face,/Doth rest upon them everybody,/with best influence† (1761-1768).As a priest, Wigglesworth had an obligation; a pledge with God to ensure the spirits of the individuals didn't die. This sonnet is a basic message for all devotees to decide and choose what side they need to be perched on when that last h our show up before them. Would you like to sit on the correct side, which is the image for Heaven or the left side, which is the image for Hell? The Day of Doom could fit in the classification of a Puritan Document. This sonnet says a lot regarding the Puritan confidence and that it is so natural to disregard the Puritan ethics and qualities in the event that you are not careful.This is the reason the Puritan religion was not a religion that was â€Å"only polished on Sunday; it was a method of life† (Emerson). By the measure of verses in the sonnet, it very well may be inferred that Wigglesworth needed to ensure he secured all the significant issues that Christians face with their way of life of salvation. He didn’t leave space for adherents who fell away from the faith just as nonbelievers to have any reasons with regards to why the Wrath was as it might have been. â€Å"One day, multi week, wherein to look for/God’s face with everything that is in you,/some help was that far pass/the best of your deserts. You had a season, what was your explanation/such valuable hours to squander? /What might you be able to discover, what would you be able to mind/that was of more prominent hast† (865-872)? I accept this sonnet was famous in its day since it kept the Puritans concentrated on their definitive objective which was to climb to Heaven with God. This sonnet was a token of where you would spend time everlasting in the event that you did or didn’t do the correct things in the visual perception of God. In spite of the fact that the holy book is genuinely a source that could be alluded to in a period of vulnerability, The Day of the Doom carried book of scriptures sections to reality.I accept the Puritans retained the sonnet so they would have a snappy reference just in the event that the idea of breaking faith happened. â€Å"Actions expressed stronger than words for the Puritan confidence, so activities must be continually controlled† (Kizer). Not exclusively was retaining this sonnet significant for the grown-ups, however the kids were educated to remember it also. Wigglesworth certainly emptied his heart into this sonnet which was exhibited by his promise decisions and the length of the sonnet. Salvation and just that, it was he represented.

Explain Arisotles Virtue Ethics

Predominance is a condition of activity instead of inaction and an individual must buckle down so as to accomplish it. To arrive at Dominance you should reason and be a mastermind as this is one of a kind to people, it is the last reason for mankind as it is the most satisfying situation to be in. Arriving at such a prevalent ultimate objective requires difficult work and exertion: â€Å"man is a political and social animal† †the best useful for an individual is for them to effectively take an interest in the legislative issues of society and to communicate with different people, ethical quality can just emerge once these exercises have been performed.A wild life is a progressing task and must be accomplished through training and instruction. â€Å"Dominance is an end in itself' and is just sought after for its own ethics as opposed to as an unfortunate obligation. An ideals, for Aristotle, is a quality that adds to an individual working admirably as a person, for exampl e, fortitude and liberality. A prudence isn't doing one activity on one given event, for example, providing for a noble cause once and afterward never again, it isn't ‘feeling upright as you are not daring on the off chance that you feel overcome and don't follow up on it and it is likewise not a characteristic tendency as somebody who has been brought into the world that way has not attempted to become virtuous.Aristotle presumes that an ethicalness is a scholarly nature/inclination to reason and act with a specific goal in mind. We are each liable for the decisions that we make dependent on close to home bad habit and goodness, how idealistic an individual might be is completely reliant on how they will expect to act in some random circumstance. The convention of the mean/the brilliant mean is a focal idea in Aristotle ideals morals. As indicated by the tenet of the mean, a prudence is a mean state between two boundaries: one of abundance and one of deficiency.To be ethical, one uprightness must interface with another. Ethics will just completely create in a minority of individuals and the principle of the mean can be utilized to control you; anyway you should be instructed to utilize this. Thus, a component of elitism can be seen here. For instance: it is a great idea to be gutsy, anyway you can have excessively or, even, too little mental fortitude. Aristotle didn't expressly proclaim what the midpoint was, thus it is obviously not of numerical worth thus it must be progressively about acting at the privilege time.Although ethicalness morals doesn't offer you a reasonable response to a moral predicament, it permits every person to react to each extraordinary circumstance they face. Aristotle accepted that there were 4 distinct gatherings of individuals. There are horrible individuals who are those that don't endeavor to be highminded. There are incontinent individuals who face moral clash however for the most part pick a bad habit. Landmass individua ls do the temperate thing more often than not yet at the same time need to defeat an ethical quandary, and righteous individuals appreciate doing great activities, thus they face no ethical predicaments in life.Choices are significant as each human has a point throughout everyday life. Such points are then part into either predominant or subordinate points and, as per Aristotle; the unrivaled point of an individual is Dominance as this is the last motivation behind a human. In the public eye, a few people re epicureans and look for delight, some serve the network and look for respect (legislators) and some are logicians and live in a condition of thought. Aristotle accepts rationalists to be the best as they have the capacity to practice key scholarly temperances which permit them to guide themselves towards Dominance.Virtues are either good or scholarly in which there are 5 scholarly excellencies as per Aristotle: reasonability/down to earth shrewdness, natural insight, astuteness, logical information and specialty/craftsmanship. Of the 5 ideals, Aristotle believes handy shrewdness to be the most significant in Virtue Ethics as it suggest depicts moral conduct, and doesn't expect individuals to plan something else for what they as of now do.You may do a string of good activities, however except if you know the heading you are to go then you may wind up on an inappropriate way. Since individuals act distinctively in each circumstance there are no naturally terrible activities. Any individual who is highminded should, hypothetically, consistently settle on the right choice. Aristotle Virtue Ethics is individual as opposed to activity based; it takes a gander at the ethical character of the individual doing an activity. Great character qualities must be developed and created with the end goal for individuals to genuinely accomplish Dominance.

Tampa

Tampa Tampa tam ´p? [key], city (1990 pop. 280,015), seat of Hillsborough co., W Fla., a port of entry with an impressive harbor on Tampa Bay; inc. 1855. The third largest city in the state, Tampa has long been a shipping and manufacturing hub on the Gulf Coast. It is at the center of a large resort and retirement area, and has breweries and seafood and citrus-packing houses; it formerly had a significant cigar industry. Tampa's port is one of the largest in the United States, with phosphate docks and elevators. The city extends down a peninsula, with Old Tampa Bay on the west, Tampa Bay to the south, and Hillsborough Bay on the east. MacDill Air Force Base is situated at the tip of the peninsula. Tampa Bay was visited by Pánfilo de Narváez in 1528, and in 1539 De Soto rescued the sole survivor of that expedition. He negotiated (on the present site of the Univ. of Tampa) a peace treaty with the natives, but they remained so hostile that for almost 200 years Europeans avoided the ar ea. The first white settlement began in 1823, and U.S. Fort Brooke was built in 1824; the town grew around the fort. In the Civil War, it was taken (May, 1864) by Union troops. Tampa's real development began with the growth of a fishing industry, the discovery of phosphate in 1883, and the construction of railroads and the introduction of cigar making in the late 1880s. (Ybor City was the headquarters of the cigar industry and the center of Tampa's Hispanic population.) During the Spanish-American War, Tampa was a military base; Theodore Roosevelt trained his Rough Riders there. In 1953, Tampa's suburbs were consolidated with the city, almost doubling the population. Suburban growth since the 1970s has left Tampa at the center of the burgeoning metropolitan region that encompasses St. Petersburg and Clearwater . Three long bridges link Tampa with Clearwater and St. Petersburg, on the Pinellas peninsula. The city is the seat of the Univ. of Tampa (a magnificent example of Mo orish architecture, originally built as a huge hotel) and the Univ. of South Florida. There is an international airport, and the city's many points of interest include Ybor City, a cigar museum, a museum of science and natural history, the county historical museum, and Tampa Bay Downs racetrack. The Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center (1987) is a part-time home of the Florida Orchestra. Nearby is Busch Gardens, a theme park famous for its large African zoo and tropical garden. Tampa is home to the Buccaneers of the National Football League, the Devil Rays of baseball's American League, and the Lightning of the National Hockey League. Several major-league baseball teams have spring training camps in the area. A state fair is held there, and the legend of José Gasparilla, an alleged pirate, is celebrated annually by a mock invasion of the city. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia art icles on: U.S. Political Geography

Biography of Augusto Pinochet, Chiles Military Dictator

Augusto Pinochet (November 25, 1915–December 10, 2006) was an army officer and dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990. His years in power were marked by inflation, poverty, and the ruthless repression of opposition leaders. Pinochet was involved in Operation Condor, a cooperative effort by several South American governments to remove leftist opposition leaders, often by murder. Several years after stepping down, he was charged with war crimes concerning his time as president but died in 2006 before being convicted on any charges. Fast Facts: Augusto Pinochet Known For: Dictator of ChileBorn: Nov. 25, 1915 in Valparaiso, ChileParents: Augusto Pinochet Vera, Avelina Ugarte MartinezDied: Dec. 10, 2006 in Santiago, ChileEducation: Chilean War AcademyPublished Works: The Crucial DaySpouse: Marà ­a  Lucà ­a  Hiriart  Rodrà ­guezChildren: Augusto Osvaldo, Jacqueline Marie, Lucà ­a, Marco Antonio, Marà ­a Verà ³nicaNotable Quote: Everything I did, all my actions, all of the problems I had I dedicate to God and to Chile, because I kept Chile from becoming Communist. Early Life Pinochet was born on Nov. 25, 1915, in Valparaiso, Chile to descendants of French settlers who had come to Chile more than a century before. His father was a middle-class government worker. The eldest of six children, Pinochet married Marà ­a  Lucà ­a  Hiriart  Rodrà ­guez in 1943 and they had five children. He entered Chilean War Academy when he turned 18  and graduated in four years as a sub-lieutenant. Military Career Begins Pinochet rose quickly through the ranks despite the fact that Chile was never at war during his military career. In fact, Pinochet never saw combat while he was in the military; the closest he came was as the commander of a detention camp for Chilean Communists. Pinochet lectured at the War Academy and wrote five  books on politics and warfare. By 1968, he was promoted to brigadier general. Pinochet and Allende In 1948, Pinochet met future President Salvador Allende, a young Chilean senator who was a socialist. Allende had come to visit the concentration camp then run by Pinochet, where many Chilean Communists were being held. In 1970, Allende was elected president, and he promoted Pinochet to be commander of the Santiago garrison. Over the next three years, Pinochet proved invaluable to Allende by helping put down opposition to Allende’s economic policies, which were devastating the nation’s economy. Allende promoted Pinochet to commander-in-chief of all Chilean armed forces in August 1973. The Coup of 1973 Allende, as it turned out, had made a grave mistake by putting his trust in Pinochet. With the people in the streets and the countrys economy in shambles, the military moved to take over the government. On Sept. 11, 1973, less than three weeks after he had been made the commander-in-chief, Pinochet directed his troops to take Santiago, the capital, and he ordered an airstrike on the presidential palace. Allende died defending the palace, and Pinochet was made part of a four-man ruling junta led by the commanders of the army, air force, police, and navy. Later, he seized absolute power. Operation Condor Pinochet and Chile were heavily involved in Operation Condor, a collaborative effort among the governments of Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay to control leftist dissidents such as the MIR, or Movement of the Revolutionary Left, in Bolivia, and the Tupamaros, a band of Marxist revolutionaries that operated in Uruguay. The effort consisted mainly of a series of kidnappings, disappearances, and assassinations of prominent opponents of the right-wing regimes in those countries. The Chilean DINA, a feared secret police force, was one of the driving organizations behind the operation. It is unknown how many people were killed during Operation Condor, but most of the estimates range well into the thousands. The Economy Pinochet’s team of U.S.-educated economists, who were known as â€Å"the Chicago Boys,† advocated lowering taxes, selling state-run businesses, and encouraging foreign investment. These reforms led to sustained growth, prompting the phrase â€Å"The Miracle of Chile.† However, the reforms also led to a decline in wages and a spike in unemployment, and there was a severe recession from 1980 to 1983. Steps Down In 1988, a nationwide referendum on Pinochet resulted in a majority of the people voting to deny him another term as their president. Elections were held in 1989 and the opposition candidate, Christian Democrat  Patricio Aylwin, was victorious. However, Pinochet’s supporters continued to hold enough influence in the Chilean parliament to block many proposed reforms. Pinochet remained in office until Aylwin was installed as president on March 11, 1990, although as an ex-president he remained a senator for life. He also kept his position as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Legal Troubles and Death Pinochet might have been out of the limelight, but the victims of Operation Condor did not forget about him. In October 1998, he was in the United Kingdom for medical reasons. Seizing upon his presence in a country with an extradition treaty, his opponents brought charges against him in a Spanish court in connection with the  torture  of Spanish citizens in Chile during his rule. He was charged with several counts of murder, torture, and kidnapping. The charges were dismissed in 2002 on the grounds that Pinochet, by then in his late 80s, was too unhealthy to stand trial. Further charges were brought against him in 2006, but Pinochet died on December 10 of that year in Santiago before the prosecution could proceed. Legacy   Many Chileans are divided on the topic of their former dictator. Some say they see him as a savior who rescued them from the socialist policies of Allende and who did what had to be done in a turbulent time to prevent anarchy and communism. They point to the growth of the economy under Pinochet and claim he was a patriot who loved his country. Others say he was a ruthless despot directly responsible for thousands of murders, in most cases for no more than thought crimes. They believe his economic success was not all it seemed because unemployment was high and wages were low during his rule. Regardless of these differing views, it is undeniable that Pinochet was one of the most important figures of the 20th century in South America. His involvement in Operation Condor made him the poster boy for violent dictatorship, and his actions led many in his country never to trust their government again.   Sources Dinges, John. The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents. Paperback, Reprint edition, The New Press, June 1, 2005.ï » ¿The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2018). Augusto Pinochet: President of Chile.

The term cloning describes a number of different processes...

The term cloning describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity. The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone. Cloning is a very controversial theme now in days that’s everybody should be informed about it. The majority of the people doesn’t know anything about the subject and do not have the knowledge to make an opinion about it. Cloning animals may be very helpful for the society, our kids and new generations. Examples, the different ways how artificial cloning works and the two main types of cloning happens are important facts everyone should know. The two main types of cloning are natural cloning and†¦show more content†¦Mutating a gene changes its instructions. Once a mutated gene is created and incorporated into a cell’s DNA, the cell replicates, creating many cells containing the mutant gene. The cells with the changed gene can then be compared to normal cells. Some steps how this is done are 1) Chemically cut the gene you want to study from the DNA strand, 2) Attach target gene to a small, circular piece of DNA. Together, this is called a plasmid, which serves as the vehicle for transporting the gene. 3) Put the plasmid into an E. coli cell (or another type of bacteria). As each E. coli cell divides, each new cell contains a copy of the plasmid containing the gene. 4) Grow a lot of E. coli cells. 5) Once your E. coli population has reached your desired number of cells, break apart the E. Coli cells using a chemical that dissolves the cell wall. 6) Filter the mixture of broken E. coli cells and collect only the plasmids containing the gene. 7) Put the plasmids into human cells. The type of cell varies depending on the research. 8) Over time, the plasmid will be incorporated into the host cell DNA and the new gene will change the proteins produced. 9) Observe physical changes between the cells with the plasmid and those without. Gene cloning is the most common type of cloning done by researchers at the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). NHGRI researchers have not cloned any mammals and NHGRI does not cloneShow MoreRelatedHuman Cloning- Term Paper1562 Words   |  7 PagesShould human reproductive cloning be accepted? Based from Human Genome Project Information (n.d.), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cloning is a term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It means creating a genetically identical copy of an organism. Scientists attempted to clone animals for many years. In fact, there are hundreds of cloned animals existing today. It started in 1952 when a tadpole was cloned. But worldwide attention and concerns only arousedRead MoreHuman Cloning- Term Paper1576 Words   |  7 PagesShould human reproductive cloning be accepted? Based from Human Genome Project Information (n.d.), â€Å"Cloning is a term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material.† It means creating a genetically identical copy of an organism. Scientists attempted to clone animals for many years. In fact, there are hundreds of cloned animals existing today. It started in 1952 when a tadpole was cloned. But worldwide attention and concerns only aroused inRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Cloning2096 Words   |  9 Pagesrace has been evolving with knowledge, constantly searching for a complete understanding of how we function, and how we can improve ourselves. Through various studies, researchers have thought of ways to modify the human body by means of medication, surgical procedures and other processes. 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B. What can be considered a disease or not. C. Mutant Army V. Arguments Against Problems A. Creation is a gift. B. All technologies have potential for abuse. C. Already unlocked genetic genie cannot put back into bottle. D. Laws to regulate genetics. E. Genetic Engineering can be used for so manyRead MoreBCH190 Essay14810 Words   |  60 Pagesthymine and cytosine (E) adenine and thymine 6. All of the following are features of RNA except: (A) a sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate backbone (B) a coiled double-stranded structure (C) a different type of sugar than is found in DNA (D) an ability to direct protein production (E) a different type of base than is found in DNA 7. An example of chain molecules would be? (A) cells (B) oxygen molecules (C) proteins (D) mitochondria (E) aspirin 8. Prokaryotic cells: (A)Read MoreLife Sciences Paper 12311 Words   |  10 Pagesinstructions carefully before answering the questions. 1. Answer ALL the questions. 2. Write ALL the answers in your ANSWER BOOK. 3. Start the answers to EACH question at the top of a NEW page. 4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. 5. Present your answers according to the instructions of each question. 6. Do ALL drawings in pencil and label them in blue or black ink. 7. Draw diagrams or flow charts onlyRead MoreBIOLOGY GRADE 11 NOTES Essay examples6702 Words   |  27 Pagesmost specific Binomial Nomenclature System used to identify all organisms on Earth Identifies an organism by its genus and species (ex. Humans-homo sapiens) Developed by Linnaeus in the 18th century Identifying Species 3 methods: Morphology ïÆ'   Form and shape ïÆ'   It is simple but there are natural variations in population Biology ïÆ'   If species are able to have sex and produce viable offspring ïÆ'   It is widely used however cannot always be used due to geographic separation, asexual reproduction

Effects of Colonization on the New World Free Essays

The effects of colonization on the New World have been a controversial topic for some time. Many historians have debated for centuries about how good or bad colonization was and there are many different aspects that you must look at. Even after all this time the question still stands, unanswered, what is the impact of colonization on the New World. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Colonization on the New World or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first thing that the colonists did that had an impact on the New World was trading goods with the Indians. The natives were so unaccustomed to all the new items important and fickle that they would â€Å"give valuable things for trifles† just because they didn’t know. More importantly, however, was the introduction tools and weapons. All the natives were lacking and unaccustomed to every type of iron and weapon that the explorers had brought. This had a large impact on the new world because with the new implementation of these new tools the inhabitants could now work more efficiently and protect themselves better. Tools and weapons were not the only important items that the explorers introduced to the natives that had a great impact. When explorers arrived at some parts of the new world they realized â€Å" they have no fruit trees nor do they know of such.† When colonists them implemented fruit trees and plants it created a new, more convenient, way of producing and gathering food. Furthermore, the natives of the new world were unfamiliar with fishing. The introduction of this concept also created an easier and much more reliable food source to help the Americas grow and become more advanced. Not everybody agrees that colonization was a positive thing for the New World. The Spaniards in particular caused major damage to the New World. â€Å"Among these gentle sheep†¦ the Spaniards entered†¦ like wolves, tigers, and lions which had been starving for many days† not only did they enter and kill people to establish dominance but over 500,000 were killed from being transported to Hispaniola. All over the country native populations were wiped by new explorers. Not all of the colonists were hostile towards the natives either. Chief Powhatan even composes a speech requesting a friendship of sorts with the natives. He implores that the colonists â€Å"sleep comfortably, live quietly with my women and children.† This shows that the Indians believe the colonists to be people of reason and good deeds if he is wishing to have an alliance with them. He even goes on to say that he wishes to be friends and trade copper and hatchets together. The disease and transportation also didn’t cause a decline in population across the board either. â€Å"Some Indian groups are more populous today than in 1492. † And more importantly we must look at what Columbus and the explorers did as a whole; they created â€Å"the single most important event in the emergence of our modern sense that we are all together living on one planet.† In other, more understandable terms, they brought everybody together as a whole. Lastly, there is a major misconception that must be put straight. People believe that Indians were poor and un-evolved across the whole border. This however is not the case. The city of Tenochtitlan is a great example of this. For one, the city was so advanced they had a ruler who everybody worshiped religiously. He is so highly regarded that when he is addressed people do not look him in the eyes as a sign of respect. Secondly, the city of Tenochtitlan was highly decorated with precious metals and stones. â€Å"Every object†¦imitated in gold, silver, precious stones, and feathers. † In conclusion, the New World had many positive impacts as a result of colonization for the Old World. The colonists brought many useful tools and weapons along with new crops for farming and food gathering strategies like fishing. Along with that colonists made some alliances with natives and by doing so brought the whole world closer and more connected as a whole. Of course there are negative impacts but at the conclusion of it all the ends do justify the means. How to cite Effects of Colonization on the New World, Papers Effects of Colonization on the New World Free Essays The effects of colonization on the New World have been a controversial topic for some time. Many historians have debated for centuries about how good or bad colonization was and there are many different aspects that you must look at. Even after all this time the question still stands, unanswered, what is the impact of colonization on the New World. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Colonization on the New World or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first thing that the colonists did that had an impact on the New World was trading goods with the Indians. The natives were so unaccustomed to all the new items important and fickle that they would â€Å"give valuable things for trifles† just because they didn’t know. More importantly, however, was the introduction tools and weapons. All the natives were lacking and unaccustomed to every type of iron and weapon that the explorers had brought. This had a large impact on the new world because with the new implementation of these new tools the inhabitants could now work more efficiently and protect themselves better. Tools and weapons were not the only important items that the explorers introduced to the natives that had a great impact. When explorers arrived at some parts of the new world they realized â€Å" they have no fruit trees nor do they know of such.† When colonists them implemented fruit trees and plants it created a new, more convenient, way of producing and gathering food. Furthermore, the natives of the new world were unfamiliar with fishing. The introduction of this concept also created an easier and much more reliable food source to help the Americas grow and become more advanced. Not everybody agrees that colonization was a positive thing for the New World. The Spaniards in particular caused major damage to the New World. â€Å"Among these gentle sheep†¦ the Spaniards entered†¦ like wolves, tigers, and lions which had been starving for many days† not only did they enter and kill people to establish dominance but over 500,000 were killed from being transported to Hispaniola. All over the country native populations were wiped by new explorers. Not all of the colonists were hostile towards the natives either. Chief Powhatan even composes a speech requesting a friendship of sorts with the natives. He implores that the colonists â€Å"sleep comfortably, live quietly with my women and children.† This shows that the Indians believe the colonists to be people of reason and good deeds if he is wishing to have an alliance with them. He even goes on to say that he wishes to be friends and trade copper and hatchets together. The disease and transportation also didn’t cause a decline in population across the board either. â€Å"Some Indian groups are more populous today than in 1492. † And more importantly we must look at what Columbus and the explorers did as a whole; they created â€Å"the single most important event in the emergence of our modern sense that we are all together living on one planet.† In other, more understandable terms, they brought everybody together as a whole. Lastly, there is a major misconception that must be put straight. People believe that Indians were poor and un-evolved across the whole border. This however is not the case. The city of Tenochtitlan is a great example of this. For one, the city was so advanced they had a ruler who everybody worshiped religiously. He is so highly regarded that when he is addressed people do not look him in the eyes as a sign of respect. Secondly, the city of Tenochtitlan was highly decorated with precious metals and stones. â€Å"Every object†¦imitated in gold, silver, precious stones, and feathers. † In conclusion, the New World had many positive impacts as a result of colonization for the Old World. The colonists brought many useful tools and weapons along with new crops for farming and food gathering strategies like fishing. Along with that colonists made some alliances with natives and by doing so brought the whole world closer and more connected as a whole. Of course there are negative impacts but at the conclusion of it all the ends do justify the means. How to cite Effects of Colonization on the New World, Papers

The Eyes Of The Dragon Essays - Novels By Stephen King,

The Eyes Of The Dragon The book that I read was The Eyes of the Dragon. The author was Stephen King. It was published in 1987. Stephen King grew up in Maine and has lived most of his adult life there, both in Bangor and in the Portland area. He and his wife, Tabitha, have three children, Naomi, Joe, and Owen Philip. This story took place in the fairy tale times with Kings and Dragons. The kings name was Roland. He was a good king. He had two sons. Peter, the first son, was good at every thing and his father and every one else loved him. Thomas was just a reject. He had no friends and his Father didn't even care for him. Flagg was the Magician. Flagg was trying to manipulate the kingdom so that he could end up in control and after 5000 years his chance had finally come. He killed Roland and framed Peter so that he would have to go to jail for life. Thomas was then king and Flagg was his friend and teacher. Flagg taxed the town and beheaded people for anything that they did. The title of the book came from the passage that Flagg had shown Thomas that lead to the head of a Dragon head that was hanging in his fathers room. He saw Flagg poison his father and he was to scared to tell anyone. Any way, Peter excapes and kills Flagg. Thomas was just a followed of any one who would be his friend. He was stupid and he never expected to be king so he didn't pay attention in class. Peter was the perfect son. He won all of the castle competitions. Every body in the entire kingdom loved him. Flagg was just plain evil. Every thing he did, he did for the good of evil. He finally got his way with the world and he took complete advantage of it. Stephen Kings style is to keep the reader from knowing to much and in some places in the book it gets very boring and then every thing starts to pick up. I like his style because it reads very quickly and is very entertaining. I think that this is one of the better books that I have ever read. I would recommend it to any one who has a brain in their head Bibliography na

The Pryamids essays

The Pryamids essays The Great Pyramids of Ancient Egypt are the most magnificent and amazing man-made structures to have ever been erected. They are the only ones still in existence from the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The pyramids were created some 4000 years ago, and to this day many still exist. These monuments are a remarkable reminder to us of how far advanced the Egyptians were in their technology, engineering and architecture. The pyramids were built to last through time and are a legacy to which no other civilization has anything to compare. They have survived Mother Nature as well as human's destructive nature and are still standing. The Egyptians spent a lot of time and energy creating the pyramids. Why did the Egyptian feel so compelled to create the pyramids? And how were they created? The pyramids of the Old Kingdom are an extraordinary accomplishment, which command the wonder and admiration of the world. Considering that the Egyptians had very few tools at their disposal and with absolutely no sophisticated equipment with which to make the stones, leaves one with the belief that this civilization was far more advanced than we may believe. The fact that the pyramids were created to near perfection, an accomplishment our society would still find hard to create even with our advanced technology, leave's one in total amazement. To date there has never been a building or monument, made by man without the help of advance machinery, ever erected that can even come close to resembling the sheer genius and brilliant engineering and construction that had been put into the pyramids. There had been an exceptional amount of resources and labor put into the construction of the pyramids. They are virtually indestructible and have survived, so far anyway, the test of time. There was a time when, in a small strip of the worlds land surface, man achieved an almost total equilibrium with his environment and created a society as near per...

Nancy Astor, First Woman Seated in the House of Commons

Nancy Astor, First Woman Seated in the House of Commons Nancy Astor (May 19, 1879–May 2, 1964) was the first woman to take a seat in the British House of Commons. A society hostess, she was known for her sharp wit and social commentary. Fast Facts: Nancy Astor Known For: Social critic and first woman seated in the British House of CommonsAlso Known As: Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor, Viscountess AstorBorn: May 19, 1879 in Danville, VirginiaParents: Chiswell Dabney Langhorne, Nancy Witcher KeeneDied: May 2, 1964 in Lincolnshire, EnglandPublished Work: My Two Countries, her autobiographyHonor: Freedom of the City of PlymouthSpouse(s): Robert Gould Shaw II (m. 1897–1903), Waldorf Astor (m. 1906–1952)Notable Quote: Women have got to make the world safe for men since men have made it so darned unsafe for women.Notable Exchange: Nancy Astor: Sir, if you were my husband, Id poison your tea. Winston Churchill: Madame, if you were my wife, Id drink it! Early Years Astor was born in Virginia  on May 19, 1879, as Nancy Witcher Langhorne. She was the  eighth of 11 children, three of whom died in infancy before she was born. One of her sisters, Irene, married the artist Charles Dana Gibson, who immortalized his wife as the Gibson girl. Joyce Grenfell was a cousin. Astors father Chisell Dabney Langhorne was a Confederate officer. After the war, he became a tobacco auctioneer. During her early childhood, the family was poor and struggling. As she became an adolescent, her fathers success brought the family wealth. Her father is said to have created the fast-talking style of auctioneering. Her father refused to send her to college, a fact that Astor resented. He sent Nancy and Irene to a finishing school in New York City. First Marriage In October 1897, Astor married society Bostonian Robert Gould Shaw. He was a first cousin of the Civil War Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, who had commanded African-American troops for the Union Army in the Civil War. They had one son before they separated in 1902, divorcing in 1903. Astor first returned to Virginia to manage her fathers household, as her mother had died during her Astors short marriage. Waldorf Astor Astor then went to England. On a ship, she met Waldorf Astor, whose American millionaire father had become a British lord. They shared a birthday and birth year and seemed to be very well matched. They married in London on April 19, 1906, and Nancy Astor moved with Waldorf to a family home in Cliveden, where she proved an adept and popular society hostess. They also bought a home in London. In the course of their marriage, they had four sons and one daughter. In 1914, the couple converted to Christian Science. She was strongly anti-Catholic and also opposed hiring Jews. Waldorf and Nancy Astor Enter Politics Waldorf and Nancy Astor became involved in reform politics, part of a circle of reformers around Lloyd George. In 1909, Waldorf stood for election to the House of Commons as a conservative from a Plymouth constituency; he lost the election but won on his second try, in 1910. The family moved to Plymouth when he won. Waldorf served in the House of Commons until 1919, when, at his fathers death, he became a Lord and thereby became a member of the House of Lords. The House of Commons Nancy Astor decided to run for the seat that Waldorf vacated, and she was elected in 1919. Constance Markiewicz had been elected to the House of Commons in 1918 but chose not to take her seat. Nancy Astor was thus the first woman to take a seat in Parliament and was the only woman MP until 1921. (Markiewicz believed Astor an inappropriate candidate, too out of touch as a member of the upper class.) Astors campaign slogan was Vote for Lady Astor and your children will weigh more. She worked for temperance, womens rights, and childrens rights. Another slogan she used was, If you want a party hack, dont elect me. In 1923, Astor published My Two Countries, her own story. World War II Astor was an opponent of socialism and, later during the Cold War, an outspoken critic of communism. She was also an anti-fascist. She refused to meet Adolf Hitler despite having the opportunity to do so. Waldorf Astor met with him about the treatment of Christian Scientists and came away convinced that Hitler was mad. Despite their opposition to fascism and the Nazis, the Astors supported economic appeasement of Germany, supporting the lifting of economic sanctions against Hitlers regime. During World War II, Astor was noted for her morale-boosting visits to her constituents, especially during German bombing raids. She just missed being hit once, herself. She also served, unofficially, as hostess to American troops stationed at Plymouth during the buildup to the Normandy invasion. Later Years and Death In 1945, Astor left Parliament, at her husbands urging and not entirely happily. She continued to be a witty and sharp critic of social and political trends when she disapproved, including of both communism and Sen. Joseph McCarthys anti-Communist witch hunts in the U.S. She largely withdrew from public life with the death of Waldorf Astor in 1952. She died on May 2, 1964. Legacy Astors time in Parliament was not one of great achievement or towering influence; she held no government posts and had no legislative achievements to show for her time of service. But the fact that she was the first woman to serve in that legislative body had a large impact. In the 2017 general election in Great Britain, a record 208 women MPs were elected to the House of Commons, a record high of 32 percent. Two female MPs, Margaret Thatcher and Theresa May, even ascended to the position of prime minister. Astor, as the first woman in the British House of Commons, was a trailblazer who first made it acceptable for women to serve. Sources â€Å"Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor.†Ã‚  Ohio River - New World Encyclopedia, New World Encyclopedia.Keen, Richard, and Richard Cracknell. â€Å"Women in Parliament and Government.†Ã‚  Commons Library Briefing - UK Parliament, 20 July 2018,ï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å"Astors History.†Ã‚  Virtual Rome.

Analysing the Impact of Capital Structure on the Performance of UK Dissertation

Analysing the Impact of Capital Structure on the Performance of UK Financial Institutions - Dissertation Example The Miller-Modigliani Theory 15 2.4.3. Pecking Order Theory 16 2.4.4. The Agency Cost Theory 18 2.5. Potential Determinants of Capital Structure 19 2.6. Statement of the Problem 26 Chapter 3: Data and Methods 28 3.1. Research Methodology 28 3.2. Research Purpose and Research Approach 29 3.3. Qualitative Research 29 3.4. Quantitative Research 30 3.5. Primary Research 30 3.6. Secondary Research 31 Chapter 4: Analysis and Results 34 4.1. Overview 34 4.2. Selection of Dependent Variables and Independent Variables 35 4.3. Data Analysis Techniques 36 4.4. Fieldwork and Data Collection 37 4.5. Hypotheses Formulation and Variable Selection 38 4.6. Data Sources and Data Presentation 44 Chapter 5: Discussion and Interpretation of Findings 50 5.1. Data Analysis and Discussion 50 5.2. Regression Results 51 Table 5.2.1 - The Regression Analysis of RBS 53 Table 5.2.2 - The Regression Analysis of Standard Chartered Plc 54 Table 5.2.3 - The Regression Analysis of Lloyds Group Plc 55 Table 5.2.4 - Th e Regression Analysis of Barclays Plc 56 5.3. Robustness of Statistical Data 58 5.4. Interpretation of Findings 60 Chapter 6: Discussion and Conclusion 63 6.1. Summary 63 6.2. Theoretical Implications 65 6.3. Practical Implications 65 6.4. Limitations 67 6.5. Directions for Future Research 67 6.6. Reflections 68 References 71 Bibliography 77 Appendices 80 Table 1 – Regression Model of Royal Bank of Scotland 80 Table 2 – Regression Model of Standard Chartered Plc 84 Table 3 – Regression Model of Barclays Plc 89 Table 4 – Regression Model of HSBC 93 Table 5 – Regression Model of Lloyds 97 Chapter 1: Introduction The functions of financial management of a firm deal with the management of the sources from which funds are received and the effective utilization of such funds. Debt holders and equity holders are the suppliers of finance, and they supply finance for raising capital for assets of the company. So they have the right to participate in cash fl ows generated from the investment of the raised capital. The ratio of share of profits generated is determined by the debt equity ratio. As debt holders are the first to be paid, they become important to the firm if the firm wants to maximize the returns of the equity holders. As cost is also an important component of financing, so on a way to examine the net benefit from an investment, the cost incurred on such investment is also to be accounted. The objective of the study is to analyse the impact of capital structure on the performance of financial institution of United Kingdom. In order to achieve the objective, the study covers literature review and theoretical framework of the topic. Research design has been done with the intention of selecting appropriate methodology and data collection analysis. Moreover, the data will also help to get the findings of the research. After interpreting the research findings, the study finally ends with conclusion, practical implication of the r esearch and directions for future research. 1.1. Background of the Study The mix of financial liabilities of a firm is referred to as its leverage (i.e. a mix of financial instruments that tends to increase the potential of return of investment undertaking the risk associated with it). Although financial capital is uncertain, it is still considered to be the critical resource by all firms, and suppliers of finance make this investment so as to have control over the firm. In a firm debt holders and equity holders are the two types of investors who invest in equity and debt

Marketing communications tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing communications tools - Essay Example Notably, it can be ascertained that in the past few years’ digital technology and the expansion of targeting capabilities has shifted from the traditional marketing tools to digital marketing tools. Due to the continuous revolution in the field of marketing communication tools particularly the internet, it has be found that both small organizations as well as big organizations are widely inclined towards using modern digital marketing tools over the conventional tools. Traditional marketing tools involving print media (such as magazines, newspapers and newsletters) electronic media (such as broadcasting through television and radios) and direct marketing among others can be ascertained to be barely used by the contemporary business organizations. Nonetheless, both the traditional and digital marketing tools have some advantages and disadvantages. Hence, it would be wise to use the combine form of traditional and digital marketing tools in order to achieve the best outcome. ... Significance of Traditional Forms of Marketing Communications in the Contemporary Organizations It can be affirmed that digital marketing tools particularly internet has attracted the contemporary marketers to a great extent. However, heavy reliability on modern marketing tools does not mean that traditional marketing is disappearing. In this regard, it has been ascertained from a survey report that approximately USD $ 295billion was spent on television advertisement in the US during 2007. A huge investment on traditional marketing tool in this cotemporary world signifies vast majority of traditional media. At the same time, newspaper and magazines can also be ascertained to be effective marketing communication tools despite of its reducing importance amid the contemporary marketers. It is important to note that despite of inclination towards the new media few renowned companies like Procter and Gamble spent USD $3.5 billion on advertising purpose in 2006 with the use of TV, print an d other old media (Winer, 2008). Every business has different marketing requirements. It is not possible to state which marketing tool is best for the particular business. In the contemporary business environment an organization should not rely on one type of marketing, rather integrating both the traditional and digital marketing tools would be more feasible for the organization to attain the desire marketing communication goals. It can be firmly stated that integrating the two approaches will support the organization to achieve its broad marketing communication objectives. It can be stated that integration of traditional and digital marketing tools facilitate the organizations to develop the most appropriate

Industrial Revolution Essay -- essays research papers

How Did The Industrial Revolution Affect A Person’s Quality of Life? One’s quality of life is defined as the degree of well-being felt by a person or a group of persons. It is concerned with a citizen’s consumption of goods and services, human rights and the environment. The industrial revolution have produced great wealth to many citizens that influences their state of well being. Others may argue that the changes and advancements in society have brought the burden of scarce resources, diseases and pollution among it’s people. Rather the opposite is true, the positive effects that the revolution have introduced such as the high availability of employment, food, and human rights and the opportunity for future growth overpowers these problems. Therefore it is accurate to say that the benefits of the industrial revolution have improved one’s quality of life. One characteristic that concerns the condition of a person’s life is the freedom for an occupation. This period of change have conducted the use of machinery for many types of production. Some believe that the substitution of machines for human labor have created high rates of unemployment for many nations. Before the revolution, jobs were very limited because work was accomplished through animal power and hand labor. Also many tasks required men with considerable skills which could only be accomplished through long hours of work and practice. In the past and in the present it could be clearly seen that the sprouting fa...

Elasticity of Demand of Petrol and Cng

[pic] BUSINESS ECONOMICS FINAL REPORT ON ELASTICITY OF DEMAND OF PETROL AND CNG SUBMITTED TO: SIR FAISAL SULTAN QADRI PREPARED BY: Syeda Tabinda Naz Anum Zehra Madiha Khan ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We owe our profound thanks and deepest gratitude to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, most merciful, who blessed us with determination, strength, ability and divine help to complete this report. This Report is on ELASTICITY OF DEMNAD OF PETROL. This report is a part of our course titled as Business economics conducted in Iqra University. Then we would like to acknowledge our course instructor Mr. Faisal Sultan Qadri to give us an opportunity to work on this project, and allow us to make use of our analytical abilities. It was his guidance and never ending patience that lead us to complete this report. Our special thanks to our beloved parents and friends without their support we would not be able to complete our assignment and their coordination has made us able to achieve the task in time. INTRODUCTION: High prices effect everyone everywhere, but not equally. Petroleum pricing is something that directly effects every one in society as it is also major source of power and fuel. DEMAND: Demand is defined as the willingness and ability of a consumer to purchase a given product in a given frame of time. DETERMINANTS IF DEMAND: Overall demand can change, moving upward or downward, because of changes in: P = price of other goods (substitutes and complements) I = income N =no. of buyers T =tastes and preferences Ex =expectations CHANGE IN INCOME: With the rise in income of people they can increase the usage of product which will result in increased demand. CHANGE IN PRICE: Change in price will also result in demand curve of that product. Here we will discus the effect of change in price of petrol on its demand of consumption. CAR AND PETROL OR CAR AND CNG (Petrol Vs CNG): The general trend is that when the price of the substitute decreases the demand of the product decrease and if the price of the substitute increases demand for the product increase. In my sense, the petrol and CNG are the substitutes to each other. Now if the prices of the Petrol increase the demand for petrol will change. Many people will tend to make their Car CNG cylindered. But if the Price of the CNG increase, but it will remain lower to the price of the Petrol, so it will not affect much more to the demand of the CNG. No one will change their CNG Kits. So it means that the petrol is more elastic than the CNG in terms of Demand. Petrol has more elasticity than CNG. In Pakistan the majority of private vehicles have converted to CNG because of cheaper price as compared to petrol. Only luxury cars and official vehicles now run on petrol. Almost all car manufacturers in Pakistan now produce company fitted CNG kit versions. Recent hikes in CNG prices have downplayed the ambitious ventures of some of the stakeholders in this sector. It is expected that price of the CNG and Kits will come down as competition among manufacturers grows. LandiRenzo Pakistan is also exporting CNG kits to various countries including China, Brazil and Italy. Almost 2 million vehicles on the country's roads have dual fuel options. ELASTICITY OF DEMNAD: Given are the prices and quantity of petrol showing elasticity of demand after an increase in price of petrol: When price of petrol was 31. 8/litre in 2000, using cng in cars was not common but as petrol prices began to raise many people be likely to make their Car CNG cylindered because cng prices were very cheap and stable as compare to petrol prices. Now the current price of petrol is 66/litre and the price of cng is 48/kg still very economical for users. According to International Association of Natural Gas Vehicles, as of December 2008, Pakistan has the world’s highest number of vehicles running on compressed Natural Gas (CNG). The number is 2 million. Pakistan also has the World’s highest number of CNG refueling stations. Because Petrol prices in Pakistan are among the highest in the region as well as natural gas is found abundant and locally in Pakistan so this also very major reason of its cheapness. In 2000 the total number of vehicles in Pakistan was 4. 9 million which has increased to 8 million in 2009. By March 2006 about one million vehicles were converted to CNG as compared to 700,000 vehicles during the same period last year, showing an increase of 43 per cent. With these developments Pakistan has become the leading country in Asia and the third largest user of CNG in the world after Argentina and Brazil. We can calculate the elasticity of petrol easily by considering its change in price within year. |Price |Quantity | 59 8000000 million 6 6000000 million Solution: Formula required for cross price elasticity: change in quantity/change in price x PY/QY 2million x62. 5 7 7million =285714. 28 x 0. 000009 =2. 57 Hence demand is elastic and petrol and cng are substitutes. GRAPH SHOWING ELASTICITY OF DEMAND OF PETROL: [pic] References: http://www. pakistaneconomist. com/issue2002/issue4/f. htm http://pakistaniat. com/2009/07/14/pakistan-cng/ http://www. thenews. com. pk/editoria l_detail. asp? id=162379 http://www. brecorder. com/index. php? id=262150=2=

The Declaration of Independence Study Guide

The Declaration of Independence is arguably one of the most influential documents in American History. Other countries and organizations have adopted its tone and manner in their own documents and declarations. For example, France wrote its Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Womens Rights movement wrote its Declaration of Sentiments. However, the Declaration of Independence was actually not technically necessary in proclaiming independence from Great Britain. History of the Declaration of Independence A resolution of independence passed the Philadelphia Convention on July 2. This was all that was needed to break away from Britain. The colonists had been fighting Great Britain for 14 months while proclaiming their allegiance to the crown. Now they were breaking away. Obviously, they wanted to make clear exactly why they decided to take this action. Hence, they presented the world with the Declaration of Independence drafted by thirty-three-year-old Thomas Jefferson. The text of the Declaration has been compared to a Lawyers Brief. It presents a long list of grievances against King George III including such items as taxation without representation, maintaining a standing army in peacetime, dissolving houses of representatives, and hiring large armies of foreign mercenaries. The analogy is that Jefferson is an attorney presenting his case before the world court. Not everything that Jefferson wrote was exactly correct. However, it is important to remember that he was writing a persuasive essay, not a historical text. The formal break from Great Britain was complete with the adoption of this document on July 4, 1776. Mercantilism Mercantilism was the idea that colonies existed for the benefit of the Mother Country. The American colonists could be compared to tenants who were expected to pay rent, i.e., provide materials for export to Britain. Britains goal was to have a greater number of exports than imports allowing them to store up wealth in the form of bullion. According to mercantilism, the wealth of the world was fixed. To increase wealth a country had two options: explore or make war. By colonizing America, Britain greatly increased its base of wealth. This idea of a fixed amount of wealth was the target of Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations(1776). Smiths work had a profound effect on the American founding fathers and the nations economic system. Events Leading to the Declaration of Independence The French and Indian War was a fight between Britain and France that lasted from 1754-1763. Because the British ended in debt, they began to demand more from the colonies. Further, parliament passed the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Beginning in 1764, Great Britain began passing acts to exert greater control over the American colonies which had been left more or less to themselves until the French and Indian War. In 1764, the Sugar Act increased duties on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies. A Currency Act was also passed that year banning the colonies from issuing paper bills or bills of credit because of the belief that the colonial currency had devalued the British money. Further, in order to continue to support the British soldiers left in America after the war, Great Britain passed the Quartering Act in 1765. This ordered colonists to house and feed British soldiers if there was not enough room for them in the barracks. An important piece of legislation that really upset the colonists was the Stamp Act passed in 1765. This required stamps to be purchased or included on many different items and documents such as playing cards, legal papers, newspapers, and more. This was the first direct tax that Britain had imposed on the colonists. The money from it was to be used for defense. In response to this, the Stamp Act Congress met in New York City. 27 delegates from nine colonies met and wrote a statement of rights and grievances against Great Britain. In order to fight back, the Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty secret organizations were created. They imposed non-importation agreements. Sometimes, enforcing these agreements meant tarring and feathering those who still wished to purchase British goods. Events began to escalate with the passage of the Townshend Acts in 1767. These taxes were created to help colonial officials become independent of the colonists by providing them with a source of income. Smuggling of the affected goods meant that the British moved more troops to important ports such as Boston. The increase in troops led to many clashes including the famous Boston Massacre. The colonists continued to organize themselves. Samuel Adams organized the Committees of Correspondence, informal groups that helped spread information from colony to colony. In 1773, parliament passed the Tea Act, giving the British East India Company a monopoly to trade tea in America. This led to the Boston Tea Party where a group of colonists dressed as Indians dumped tea from three ships into Boston Harbor. In response, the Intolerable Acts were passed. These placed numerous restrictions on the colonists including the closing of Boston Harbor. Colonists Respond and War Begins In response to the Intolerable Acts, 12 of the 13 colonies met in Philadelphia from September-October, 1774. This was called the First Continental Congress. The Association was created calling for a boycott of British goods. The continuing escalation of hostility resulted in violence when in April 1775, British troops traveled to Lexington and Concord to take control of stored colonial gunpowder and to capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock. Eight Americans were killed at Lexington. At Concord, the British troops retreated losing 70 men in the process. May 1775 brought the meeting of the Second Continental Congress. All 13 colonies were represented. George Washington was named the head of the Continental Army with John Adams backing. The majority of delegates were not calling for complete independence at this point so much as changes in British policy. However, with the colonial victory at Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775, King George III proclaimed that the colonies were in a state of rebellion. He hired thousands of Hessian mercenaries to fight against the colonists. In January 1776, Thomas Paine published his famous pamphlet entitled Common Sense. Up until the appearance of this extremely influential pamphlet, many colonists had been fighting with the hope of reconciling. However, he argued that America should no longer be a colony to Great Britain but instead should be an independent country. Committee to Draft the Declaration of Independence On June 11, 1776, the Continental Congress appointed a committee of five men to draft the Declaration: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman. Jefferson was given the task of writing the first draft. Once complete, he presented this to the committee. Together they revised the document and on June 28 submitted it to the Continental Congress. The Congress voted for independence on July 2. They then made some changes to the Declaration of Independence and finally approved it on July 4. Declaration of Independence Study Questions Why have some called the Declaration of Independence a lawyers brief?John Locke wrote about the natural rights of man including the right to life, liberty, and property. Why did Thomas Jefferson change property to the pursuit of happiness in the Declaration text?Even though many of the grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence resulted from acts of Parliament, why would the founders have addressed all of them to King George III?The original draft of the Declaration had admonitions against the British people. Why do you think that those were left out of the final version?